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Physics Syllabus for Grade 12

Unit I: Electrostatics

• Electric charges and their conservation
• Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges
• forces between multiple charges
• superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field
• electric field due to a point charge
• electric field lines
• electric dipole
• electric field due to a dipole
• torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux
• statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire
• uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside)
• Electric potential
• potential difference
• electric potential due to a point charge
• a dipole and system of charges
• equipotential surfaces
• electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators
• free charges and bound charges inside a conductor
• Dielectrics and electric
• polarisation
• capacitors and capacitance
• combination of capacitors in series and in parallel
• capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
• energy stored in a capacitor
• Van de Graaff generator

Unit II: Current Electricity

• Electric current
• flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor
• drift velocity and mobility
• and their relation with electric current
• Ohm’s law
• electrical resistance
• V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear)
• electrical energy and power
• electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Carbon resistors
• colour code for carbon resistors
• series and parallel combinations of resistors
• temperature dependence of resistance
• Internal resistance of a cell
• potential difference and emf of a cell
• combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications
• Wheatstone bridge
• metre bridge
• Potentiometer – principle and applications to measure potential difference
• and for comparing emf of two cells
• measurement of internal resistance of a cell

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Concept of magnetic field
• Oersted’s experiment
• Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire
• straight and toroidal solenoids
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel currentcarrying conductors – definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field
• moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
• Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
• Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field
• bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
• magnetic field lines
• Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements
• Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples
• Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths
• Permanent magnets

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

• Electromagnetic induction
• Faraday’s law
• induced emf and current
• Lenz’s Law
• Eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents
• peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage
• reactance and impedance
• LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only)
• LCR series circuit
• resonance
• power in AC circuits
• wattles current
• AC generator and transformer

Unit V: Electromagnetic Waves

• Need for displacement current
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only)
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses

Unit VI: Optics

• Reflection of light
• spherical mirrors
• mirror formula
• Refraction of light
• total internal reflection and its applications
• optical fibres
• refraction at spherical surfaces
• lenses
• thin lens formula
• lens-maker’s formula
• Magnification
• power of a lens
• combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror
• Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism
• Scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
• Optical instruments: Human eye
• image formation and accommodation
• correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses
• Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle
• reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts
• Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle
• Interference
• Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width
• coherent sources and sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit
• width of central maximum
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes
• Polarisation
• plane polarised light
• Brewster’s law
• uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Photoelectric effect
• Hertz and Lenard’s observations
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle nature of light
• Matter waves – wave nature of particles
• de Broglie relation
• Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; ly conclusion should be explained.)

Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei

• Alpha - particle scattering experiment
• Rutherford’s model of atom
• Bohr model
• energy levels
• hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus
• atomic masses
• isotopes
• isobars
• isotones
• Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties
• radioactive decay law
• Mass-energy relation
• mass defect
• binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
• nuclear fission and fusion

Unit IX: Electronic Devices

• Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors
• insulators and semiconductors
• semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
• diode as a rectifier
• I-V characteristics of LED
• photodiode
• solar cell
• Zener diode
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Junction transistor
• transistor action
• characteristics of a transistor
• transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
• Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR)
• Transistor as a switch

Unit X: Communication Systems

• Elements of a communication system (block diagram only)
• bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data)
• bandwidth of transmission medium
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
• sky and space wave propagation
• Need for modulation
• Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave

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